The most unkind cut :: essays research papers

What if I were to tell you that a new trend is being practiced in the unify States by the parents of newborn baby boys, wherein they are giving the nipperren nose jobs so that they can look more kindred their father, or that the parents are cutting despatch the earlobes of the babes so that they can be cleaner? What if you had just given birth to a beautiful, cooing baby girl and the nurse straited in and cheerfully asked if youd like to mutilate her genitalia before her noon feeding. In either one of those situations, no doubt youd be disbelieving and outraged at such a suggestion But everyday thousands of babies across the United States suffer a similar fate when their parents decide that a baby boy should non have a foreskin and so they practice routine circumcision. Circumcision, put simply, is cosmetic surgery, in that it involves changing the appearance of your childs body for esthetical reasons. The United States is the only country in the world that routinely practic es the circumcision of their newborns. Across the globe elsewhere, circumcision is rarely practiced unless there is a medical or religious reason to do so. Here in the U.S., the vast majority of parents opt to have the procedure done, although the number of parents refusing the pointless procedure is on a fast rise. Most parents typically dont think about circumcision as an issue while they shop for cribs and have baby showers and select namesits just something you do? if you have a son, so when asked in the hospital after the delivery if they want their child circumcised, they blindly accept the procedure without question its purpose. However, in the future when asked why they decided to go through with it, the most common reasons given to justify the procedure might surprise you. When inquire my friends why they decided to circumcise their sons, the most common reasoning is that so the child can look like daddy.? They dont want the child to feel or look different than his fathe r, brother or peers and be teased. Is this really a problem? Do men really sit more or less comparing how they look and then teasing the ones who look different? No, of course not. And what sort of justification is this anyway, to look like their daddy. Nobody will ever walk up and say, Oh how cute.

The Use Of Mood In Macbeth :: essays research papers

The Use of Mood in MacbethNoah Webster, author of Websters Dictionary, defines imagination as the temporary state of the mind in regard to passion or feeling and a morbid or fantastic state of mind. E. L. Thorndike and Clarence L. Barnhart, authors of Scott, Foresman Advanced Dictionary, define sensory system as the overall atmosphere or prevailing stirred up aura of a work. Shakespeares Macbeth, especially the pivotal and ominous second act, exemplifies both denotations of mood. The act has an overall atmosphere, even though the mood shifts, while this mood places a sense of cliff-hanging anxiety at the beginning, an ambiance of hysterics towards the middle, a feeling of tragic realization directly following, and an unsure aura of occult extractions. Shakespeare smartly uses six key elements to further shape and add to the mood the characters, the imagery, the setting, the sounds, the characters actions, and the characters dialogue.In scene one, the setting is revealed. It is l ate, past midnight, and there are no stars, making extremely dark and a dramatically perfect opportunity to commit murder. In any good horror movie, all the deaths occur at night, when it is dark. The location is a castle, which would have to be the eeriest, coldest, darkest piece of architecture ever constructed. Banquos cursd thoughts (II, i, 8) keep him without sleep, in exact contrast with the eternal sleep Duncan will concisely begin. Then, as Banquo retreats to his quarters, Macbeths imagination and intensified emotional exhaustion and strain generate a looming image of a dagger pointing to Duncan. I see thee console . . . (II, i, 35), he yells at the vision, creating a sense of madness. Again, I see thee still . . . (II, i, 45), but this time the hallucination is glistening with blood (and in all credibly hood, that of Duncan). He casts this apparition aside and awaits his signal to make the final walk into his beloved kings chambers. The bell rang by Lady Macbeth interru pts this thick, tense mood and startles the audience to either jump out of their seat or creep slowly to the edge of their seat. This also related to a popular sermon of the similar time period, Meditation 17 by John Donne. A famous excerpt from it reads, . . . and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls it tolls for thee . . . (Donne, 284).

The Indian Mutiny of 1857-1858: Causes and Consequences :: British History

The Indian Mutiny of 1857-1858 Causes and ConsequencesUnder the administration of the Marquess of Dalhousie (Governor-General 1848-56), the last of the independent Indian states, including the wealthy Moslem state of Oudh, were annexed by the British. To consolidate this new dominion, some degree of Westernisation was introduced an Indian railway and road system was developed and the first three Indian universities were founded, creating a tier of higher-caste men educated according to the British system but not fully incorporated into those careers of civil service and army awaiting them. Child wedding and the practice of suttee previously had been abolished and, in 1856, a regulation was passed requiring sepoys to serve overseas thereby losing caste. Both the annexation and consolidation heightened tension between government and people and mutiny was inevitable when the Indian section of the army was allocated cartridges smeared with the fat of cows and pigs, unclean to both Hi ndu and Muslim elements.The mutiny lasted thirteen months from the rising of Meerut on 10 May 1857 to the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858.The sepoys were quickly joined by large numbers of civilians supporting the reinstatement of both a Moghul and a Maratha emperor and by landlords, particularly those of Oudh, penalised by the new administration and its policy of exporting raw materials for manufacture in Britain. Historians agree that the mutiny was characterised by bowelless reprisals on either side but, at least in British historical tradition, the most significant events are the massacres at Meerut, Cawnpore and Lucknow post-mutiny literature dwelling on the fate of women and children especially.The mutiny, regarded by many as Indias first War of Independence, was to have important consequences and the structure of British India was to be re-organised extensively. Increasingly, India came under direct Crown obtain as the British East India Company was dispossessed of its func tions and, in 1877, Queen Victoria was crowned Empress. Despite the severity of European reprisal as each grime had been regained and its subsequent defensive proposals of military alteration, a measure of conciliation had been introduced to administrative policy. Integration of the higher castes and princes was now considered important, land policy was revised and plans for radical mixer change were shelved.The Indian Mutiny of 1857-1858 Causes and Consequences British HistoryThe Indian Mutiny of 1857-1858 Causes and ConsequencesUnder the administration of the Marquess of Dalhousie (Governor-General 1848-56), the last of the independent Indian states, including the wealthy Muslim state of Oudh, were annexed by the British. To consolidate this new territory, some degree of Westernisation was introduced an Indian railway and road system was developed and the first three Indian universities were founded, creating a tier of higher-caste men educated according to the British syste m but not fully incorporated into those careers of civil service and army awaiting them. Child spousals and the practice of suttee previously had been abolished and, in 1856, a regulation was passed requiring sepoys to serve overseas thereby losing caste. Both the annexation and consolidation heightened tension between government and population and mutiny was inevitable when the Indian section of the army was allocated cartridges smeared with the fat of cows and pigs, unclean to both Hindu and Muslim elements.The mutiny lasted thirteen months from the rising of Meerut on 10 May 1857 to the fall of Gwalior on 20 June 1858.The sepoys were quickly joined by large numbers of civilians supporting the reinstatement of both a Moghul and a Maratha emperor and by landlords, particularly those of Oudh, penalised by the new administration and its policy of exporting raw materials for manufacture in Britain. Historians agree that the mutiny was characterised by idle reprisals on either side but, at least in British historical tradition, the most significant events are the massacres at Meerut, Cawnpore and Lucknow post-mutiny literature dwelling on the fate of women and children especially.The mutiny, regarded by many as Indias first War of Independence, was to have important consequences and the structure of British India was to be re-organised extensively. Increasingly, India came under direct Crown predominate as the British East India Company was dispossessed of its functions and, in 1877, Queen Victoria was crowned Empress. Despite the severity of European reprisal as each territory had been regained and its subsequent defensive proposals of military alteration, a measure of conciliation had been introduced to administrative policy. Integration of the higher castes and princes was now considered important, land policy was revised and plans for radical friendly change were shelved.

Its Time to Terraform Mars :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Its Time to Terraform MarsEarth is Heaven. Venus is Hell. Mars is neither, yet. K.G.M. PatersonIntroductionOur solar system began to form 4.6 billion age ago from a swirling mass cloud. Give or take a couple of million years, the bobble cooled and joined to form large bodies called protoplanets, which later became the planets we feel today. Whatever was left after the planets formed became comets or asteroids, strewn about all all over the solar system. After 100 million years, the enormous ball of gas at the center of this swirling mass cloud overheated and exploded in a huge nuclear reaction. This reaction gave birth to the fair weather we know today. This sun has enough energy to provide for nine planets, and just the right mix of masses and orbits to provide Earth with the right ingredients to support life. Of course, after many more(prenominal) millions of years, these right ingredients led to the recipe for human life soon people of the ancient world observed the movements of the planets. The ancient Greeks thought they were wandering stars, and gave them the name planetes, or wanderers. Of course, the Romans conquered the Greeks, and renamed the planets after their gods. Earth is the only planet whose name doesnt derive from ancient Greek or Roman mythology. Earth comes from the Old English discourse Gaia but the Romans called our planet Terra, hence Terra Firma. Mars was said to be named after the god of war because of its angry red color but proterozoic on Mars was worshipped as a god of growth and fertility.EarthThis third quiver from the sun has just the right mix of variables to encourage and sustain life on it for so many years. But why here and no where else you ask? Most of it has to do with the fact that it is the third rock from the sun. The distance from the sun (150 million km) is just the right distance to allow for water to exist as a liquid, an important ingredient to sustain life. With over 2/3 of the planet co vered with water, the Earths oceans are perfect for regulating the temperature of the planet at a consistent 22C, other important ingredient to allow life to survive. With a powerful magnetic field

Personal Narrative - Body Image :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative - Body Image Ones body is what makes virtuoso who one is. Every inch of someone is what sets a someone apart from everyone else. Even though everyone has an opinion about what his or her perfect body would be, changing ones personal features would take away from individuality. I personally would neer have plastic surgery because when I look at myself, I do not see a tall, skinny young man with a funny looking pound and big bug eyes, but I see a beautifully sculpted masterpiece that God has made plainly for me. It is a body that gives me character, individuality, and confidence.In my personal opinion, and I say this as humbly as I can, I am a very handsome young man. I have a very animated face that goes well with my personality, which is humorous, but in a mature fashion. I can be serious and stare at others with my endless snowflake blue eyes, but if I get too drastic for the mood, it is easy to look at my nose and then laugh to lighten the air. I take pride in the fact that there is no one else on this earth exactly ilk me. Not just my inner beauty, but my outer beauty makes me different from everyone else. Life would be so boring if everyone looked exactly the same, but what is inside oneself makes one beautiful, not only inside, but outside as well. I personally could not be more content and happy with who I am.If I were to laissez passer down the street, there would be many different comments going through peoples heads as I passed. whatsoever people would find me attractive, and some would find me ugly. Some people might find me sexy, and others might find me skinny and sickly looking. The bottom line is that it does not matter what they think. It only matters what I think because I am the only one in the whole world that has to live with myself.

Personal Narrative - Body Image :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative - Body Image Ones body is what makes one who one is. Every inch of someone is what sets a person by from everyone else. Even though everyone has an opinion about what his or her perfect body would be, changing ones personal features would take away from individuality. I personally would never cast plastic surgery because when I look at myself, I do non see a tall, skinny boylike man with a comic looking nose and big bug eyes, but I see a beautifully sculpted masterpiece that God has made just for me. It is a body that gives me character, individuality, and confidence.In my personal opinion, and I say this as humbly as I can, I am a very good-looking young man. I have a very animated face that goes well with my personality, which is humorous, but in a mature fashion. I can be serious-minded and stare at others with my endless snowflake blue eyes, but if I get too drastic for the mood, it is easy to look at my nose and therefore laugh to lighten the air. I tak e pride in the fact that there is no one else on this earth exactly like me. non just my inner beauty, but my outer beauty makes me different from everyone else. Life would be so boring if everyone looked exactly the same, but what is inside oneself makes one beautiful, not only inside, but outside as well. I personally could not be more content and happy with who I am.If I were to walk raze the street, there would be many different comments going through messs heads as I passed. Some people would find me attractive, and some would find me ugly. Some people might find me sexy, and others might find me skinny and sickly looking. The bottom line is that it does not matter what they think. It only matters what I think because I am the only one in the whole world that has to live with myself.

The Importance Of Accounting In Our Modern Society

bill is a very important terminal figure to our modern society. It is the c ber for hands and women who at the array score their eyes set on top positions in industry, focusing, g all overnment, and full general bank line. Accounting is a basic need of of all timey businessmen, from the operator of a choice station to the establishment of the United States. Its so important to our society. None of the business giving medication shadower put away without is. They ar t here(predicate)-somewhere-in any business. In beautiful business, people use pen, ink and skill keep teh records.In king-size business, modern history machines atomic number 18 used to operate. Men and women atomic number 18 directing these machines in the accounting process. Wise businessmen enter business must have got some accounting roll in the hayledge. Accounting is a vital element of business. It records the way a business has grown and, after analyzing figures, suggests the way it should go in the future. Furtunes are gambled on the advice of accountants. If your friend has ever operated a business and you saw him placing figures in ledgers, therefore you saw him doing bookkeeping.If you have worked at a service station or supermarket and have satisfyn books with bragging(a) sheets run along in green and red lying on the managers table or desk, you saw books of accounting. Accounting is one of the fastest growing field in the United States It expands each time a brand-new store, a factory, a filling station, or a school goes up, whether in a intumescent city or a small town. In todays society, the demand for close accountants for exceeds the supply.As our country has expanded, business and industry have perform more than and more complex, so control here is very important. And control depends on a great troop of the bookkeepers and accountants who crumb analyze figues and advise direction on what should be done. They are using more scientific ways chang ing money, figuring change, and collecting gross sales taskes. more thanover, part stores and former(a) companies now have stick outts and offices coarsely scattered throughout the country. A new set of bookkeepers and accountants, is requisite at each branch.I fill out there are many cares supervisory, and jr. or senior executive positions are bing modify by people who started as accountants because accountants have the friendship of methods and finance and comprehension of the fundamentals of business, and accounting is the root of sound business. The two agreeables of accountants, general accountants and private accountants mete out diverse important functions in business organization. Business enterprises, government agencies, and non pull ahead institutions, such as universities and churches more are more likely use public accountant.They offer their go to the general public on a fee basis in some(prenominal) the same way as do lawyers, doctors, and dentists . In step-up, the larger firms have professional accountants on their staff who work for a salary, but are to a fault considered public accountants. The two important areas, inspecting and tax services are in any case the job for public accountants. In a single business enterprise or nonprofit organization, the main job for private accounts in to handle the finanacial records. Manufacturing or other concerns are to a fault need accountants, in that situation, they are often called industrial accountants.In addition, accountants are employeed by all branches of federal state, and local government, including government-owned corporations. Accountants in private and government work customarily specialize in the performance of a single type of accounting service, they may do any of the types of accounting service just described above. They as well as tend to become specialists in a narrow field of employment such as a particular branch of manufacturing, public utilities, or tran sportation.Except public accountants and private accountants, there are some other general category of accountants who are taking important parts in business organizations. They are managerial accountants, controller, appeal accountant, government accountant, immanent accountant and teaching accountant. Each of the accountant serves different function in business organization. A order call for well-organized management. Managerial accountant is a kind of person necessitated by a caller and trained to be a manager one day. The managerial accountant, needs to learn all aspects of the follow-people, products, plants, and equipments.They should know how to handle management responsibility, and administrative skills. A corporation needs somebody to record its monetary operating datas, and measure performance, and it needs somebody to interpret results of operations, and to plan and make recommendations for actions. Controller is this kind person of the company and is responsibl e for the records of the companys operation. His or her job is not only deal with finances, but also deal with people, products, equipments and material. In addition, he or she also needs to concern active sales and profit of the company.Like the president or vicepresident, controller has opportunities to employ imagination and judgement and to make rewarding region to the company. A corporation may exist many different items in managactures, and those items go hundreds of various surface and priced componenets. The sales office will have to know the production monetary value of each item in order ot arrive at a sales price that will contain a profit for the company. A cost accountant works on it. He studies the items one by one, figures the cost of every parts of the products, and then arrives at the production cost of each item.Organizations of federal, state, or municipal government also need accountants to help their business. Government accountants come to do a variety of f inancial management work. They may deal with auditing, designing and maintaining. They may do budgeting and administrative duties requiring the use of accounting information. A modern business organization needs intragroup accountant to companionship whether the assets of a business are properly protected and accounted for, that current trasactions are completely recorded, or the companys waste and loss whether to be save or not.High schools, colleges or universities are also need accounting professors to teach students accounting techniques. didactics accountants, who know a great deal slightly accounting and has had some practical experience in dealing with persons and businesses, ready to pass along their knowledge and experiences to students and future accountants. In small schools, teachers have other duties besides their work in the classrooms. They serve as school secretaries, bookkeepers, statistical clerks, and managers in lunchrooms.In addition to the accounts mentio ned above, you may also figure tax accountant, a systems and control accountant, a budget accountant, or an auditor. Working people need to pay taxes. Tax is so important to our society. Its a main financial imcome of the government. People have to pay different kinds of tax according to their imcome. For example, they need to pay imcome tax, social pledge tax, state unemployment tax, federal excise tax, state and local sales and miscellantous taxes, property taxes, and federal and state taxes on corportation imcomes.As an accountant, one of the job he needs to do is to hepl people to pay taxes. Taxes and accounting are intervined. In dividual tax liabilities are arrived at by an accounting process. Large corporations that pay taxes in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, hire many accountants. Thus, accountant is tightly related to the tax adminatration. Accountants use skills in tax matters to help prepare people yearly report. check to the statistics, In California, individu alistic CPA practitioners report that around 21 per centum of their business is tax work. common spotlight accountant practitioners, who are closer to the small income earners, report that 25 percent of their business is tax work. Especially public accountants, their large percentage of income is come from tax work. Because of the development of the modern society and increasement of peoples income, more and more accountants are needed for tax work. Sound business needs good record, so control accountants are needed for this. They can help and advice managers to well develop their business. Some government firms and other organizations such as banks, stores, schools, churches, need auditors to operate the business.The auditors report will be of particular value to stockholders and creditors, since it leavens an impartial opinion of the company is financial condition. For the management of the company, the auditor can often make very valuable suggestions for cutting costs, minmiz ing tax liabilities, and finding new ways to increase profits. permits look some accounting jobs in government. on that point are two million federal employees are working for the government , dealing with problems of population, education, transportation, bailiwick security, welfare and others.Accountants, auditors, system analysts, and budget administrators are dowry to maintain the stability in modern governmental operations. United Stated is teh largest enterprise in the knowledge base today, we can imagine how complexity of the business got to be, so accountants take important parts in the operation of these business. They work for discussion section of Agriculture, department of Commerce, department of Defense, department of Health, Edaucaiton, and Welfare, post offic edepartment and department of teh Treasury. section of Agriculture deal with agricultural production, chemistry, economics, engineering, marketing, conservation, price support, and production adjustment pro blems. The department nees accountants to help its programs. The main job for accountant in this agency is to develop and maintain financial management systems, prepare and analyze budgetary and program lost statements, check costs of commercial food processors and producers, audit various operations in the office and in the field, and check records of commercial, cooperative, and state and municipal organizations participating in agricultural programs.Department of Commerce performs a wide range of operations. It gathers information about domestic and strange industries and trade, publishes technical information for the government, and handles allocations of materials necessary to military and atomic energy programs. Its also a place which needs accountants. Accountants here maintain regulatory and cost accounting systems, and audit steamship, railroad, and utility companies. Department of defense is an department which includes departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. This d epartment has established an example career program to help recruit auditors and accountants.The department needs a well-qualified accountants and auditors. Those accountants are needed to handle cost accounting, property and inventory accounting, inernal and outer auditing, and budgeting. Under the department of Health, Education, and Welfare, there are Public Health Servide, the Food and Drug Administration, the Office of Education, the Social Security Administration, and the Office of Vacational Rehabilitation. Those offices are located every where in the United States, so countless accountants are needed to operate in these organizations.The work mostly involves cost accounting, hospital accounting budgeting, auditing, and financial mangement. site Office Deartmetn is another place which needs accountants assistants. This large department employs more than 560,000 persons and operates over 35,000 post offices. Besides that, it provides money-order and postal-saving services. All this naturally involves large sums of money and extensive volumes of transactions. To handle it all, The depatment has set up within its organization a Bureau of Finance, which looks after the the accounting, budgeting, cost accounting, keeping statistics and financial data, nd financial management work. Department of the Treasury serves as the governments banker, bookkeeper, disburser, collector, trustee, investor, lender, newspaperman of the currency, coiner of money, supervisor of national banks, and financial advisor to the professorship and Congress. Its not hard to see that each of these duties involves accounting. The Treasure Department needs men and women educated and trained in accounting, auditiing, budgeting, and financial management.Here accountants may be systems accountants, general accountants, cost accountants, internal auditors, revenue agents, bank examiners, budget and fiscal officers, management analysts, tax analysts, and public debt analysts. There are also a nember of independent agencies with which an accountant may find interesting and challenging work. There are the Atomi efficacy Commission, the Farm Credit Administration, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Securities and Exchange Commission and other important commissions, an accountant can find an easy way upward to general administrative and managerial positions.There is a overseeing department is called the United States Greneral Accounting Office. Just as a company president is the top man over many men and departments below him. The department generally oversees all the other agencies of the government. This vital department is headed by the comptroller General of the United States. As the President is called the Chief Executive of the nation, you could call the comptroller General the Chief Accountant of the nation.His office, an independent agency in the legislative branch, has the vitally important job of making audits of the programs, activities, and financial responsibilities of federal departments and agencies. It even checks government contracts. Since womens position has been improved in the U. S, accounting also opened its door to women. It can be the sphere of achievement for the women who is looking for a higher ststus than what is offered by ledgers and journals. Accountants in todays society is judge to know a great deal about management, business practice and theory, taxes, cost accounting, auditing, and systems and controls.To the woman who can train these and other subjects gose the opportunity to work at the management level with executives and leaders of business. Women also have opportunities for specialization and self-employment in an accounting firm. Thats why I say accounting is the door which astray open to women, and more and more women are stepping into it. According to the statistics By 1910, there were about 190,000 women engaged in the occapation. From 1940-1950 the increase in female bookkeepers was 37,395. A n estimate, based on the 1950 census, showed 556,229 women bookkeepers compared to only 164,748 men in the same employment. The figures show women occupy a large percentage in accounting field.Accounting is every where. Non eof the business or nonbusiness organization can stay longer without it. There is no doubt that all the business require some people who have some experience or knowledge in bookkeeping and accounting. More and more employers prefer employees with some knowledge of bookkeeping and accounting. There are other some examples of accounting job are required in different business Office Manager-accountant, excellent salary, may advance to plany controller.The Importance Of Accounting In Our Modern SocietyAccounting is a very important term to our modern society. It is the career for men and women who at the start have their eyes set on top positions in industry, management, government, and general business. Accounting is a basic need of every businessmen, from the oper ator of a filling station to the government of the United States. Its so important to our society. None of the business organization can operate without is. They are there-somewhere-in every business. In small business, people use pen, ink and skill keep teh records.In large business, modern accounting machines are used to operate. Men and women are directing these machines in the accounting process. Wise businessmen enter business must have some accounting knowledge. Accounting is a vital element of business. It records the way a business has grown and, after analyzing figures, suggests the way it should go in the future. Furtunes are gambled on the advice of accountants. If your friend has ever operated a business and you saw him placing figures in ledgers, then you saw him doing bookkeeping.If you have worked at a service station or supermarket and have seen books with large sheets lined in green and red lying on the managers table or desk, you saw books of accounting. Accounting is one of the fastest growing fields in the United States It expands each time a new store, a factory, a filling station, or a school goes up, whether in a large city or a small town. In todays society, the demand for good accountants for exceeds the supply.As our country has expanded, business and industry have become more and more complex, so control here is very important. And control depends on a great deal of the bookkeepers and accountants who can analyze figues and advise management on what should be done. They are using more scientific ways changing money, figuring change, and collecting sales taxes. Moreover, department stores and other companies now have plants and offices widely scattered throughout the country. A new set of bookkeepers and accountants, is needed at each branch.I know there are many managements supervisory, and junior or senior executive positions are bing filled by people who started as accountants because accountants have the knowledge of methods and f inance and comprehension of the fundamentals of business, and accounting is the foundation of sound business. The two kinds of accountants, public accountants and private accountants serve different important functions in business organization. Business enterprises, government agencies, and nonprofit institutions, such as universities and churches more are more likely use public accountant.They offer their services to the general public on a fee basis in much the same way as do lawyers, doctors, and dentists. In addition, the larger firms have professional accountants on their staff who work for a salary, but are also considered public accountants. The two important areas, auditing and tax services are also the job for public accountants. In a single business enterprise or nonprofit organization, the main job for private accounts in to handle the finanacial records. Manufacturing or other concerns are also need accountants, in that situation, they are often called industrial account ants.In addition, accountants are employeed by all branches of federal state, and local government, including government-owned corporations. Accountants in private and government work customarily specialize in the performance of a single type of accounting service, they may do any of the types of accounting service just described above. They also tend to become specialists in a narrow field of employment such as a particular branch of manufacturing, public utilities, or transportation.Except public accountants and private accountants, there are some other general category of accountants who are taking important parts in business organizations. They are managerial accountants, controller, cost accountant, government accountant, internal accountant and teaching accountant. Each of the accountant serves different function in business organization. A company needs well-organized management. Managerial accountant is a kind of person hired by a company and trained to be a manager one day. The managerial accountant, needs to learn all aspects of the company-people, products, plants, and equipments.They should know how to handle management responsibility, and administrative skills. A company needs somebody to record its financial operating datas, and measure performance, and it needs somebody to interpret results of operations, and to plan and make recommendations for actions. Controller is this kind person of the company and is responsible for the records of the companys operation. His or her job is not only deal with finances, but also deal with people, products, equipments and material. In addition, he or she also needs to concern about sales and profit of the company.Like the president or vicepresident, controller has opportunities to exercise imagination and judgement and to make rewarding contribution to the company. A corporation may exist many different items in managactures, and those items go hundreds of various sized and priced componenets. The sales office will have to know the production cost of each item in order ot arrive at a sales price that will contain a profit for the company. A cost accountant works on it. He studies the items one by one, figures the cost of every parts of the products, and then arrives at the production cost of each item.Organizations of federal, state, or municipal government also need accountants to help their business. Government accountants come to do a variety of financial management work. They may deal with auditing, designing and maintaining. They may do budgeting and administrative duties requiring the use of accounting information. A modern business organization needs internal accountant to see whether the assets of a business are properly protected and accounted for, that current trasactions are completely recorded, or the companys waste and loss whether to be saved or not.High schools, colleges or universities are also need accounting professors to teach students accounting techniques. Teaching a ccountants, who know a great deal about accounting and has had some practical experience in dealing with persons and businesses, ready to pass along their knowledge and experiences to students and future accountants. In small schools, teachers have other duties besides their work in the classrooms. They serve as school secretaries, bookkeepers, statistical clerks, and managers in lunchrooms.In addition to the accounts mentioned above, you may also find tax accountant, a systems and control accountant, a budget accountant, or an auditor. Working people need to pay taxes. Tax is so important to our society. Its a main financial imcome of the government. People have to pay different kinds of tax according to their imcome. For example, they need to pay imcome tax, social security tax, state unemployment tax, federal excise tax, state and local sales and miscellantous taxes, property taxes, and federal and state taxes on corportation imcomes.As an accountant, one of the job he needs to d o is to hepl people to pay taxes. Taxes and accounting are intervined. In dividual tax liabilities are arrived at by an accounting process. Large corporations that pay taxes in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, hire many accountants. Thus, accountant is tightly related to the tax adminatration. Accountants use skills in tax matters to help prepare people yearly report. According to the statistics, In California, individual CPA practitioners report that around 21 percent of their business is tax work.Public accountant practitioners, who are closer to the small income earners, report that 25 percent of their business is tax work. Especially public accountants, their large percentage of income is come from tax work. Because of the development of the modern society and increasement of peoples income, more and more accountants are needed for tax work. Sound business needs good record, so control accountants are needed for this. They can help and advice managers to well develop their business. Some government firms and other organizations such as banks, stores, schools, churches, need auditors to operate the business.The auditors report will be of particular value to stockholders and creditors, since it shows an impartial opinion of the company is financial condition. For the management of the company, the auditor can often make very valuable suggestions for cutting costs, minmizing tax liabilities, and finding new ways to increase profits. Lets look some accounting jobs in government. There are two million federal employees are working for the government , dealing with problems of population, education, transportation, national security, welfare and others.Accountants, auditors, system analysts, and budget administrators are helping to maintain the stability in modern governmental operations. United Stated is teh largest enterprise in the world today, we can imagine how complexity of the business got to be, so accountants take important parts in the operation of these business. They work for department of Agriculture, department of Commerce, department of Defense, department of Health, Edaucaiton, and Welfare, post offic edepartment and department of teh Treasury.Department of Agriculture deal with agricultural production, chemistry, economics, engineering, marketing, conservation, price support, and production adjustment problems. The department nees accountants to help its programs. The main job for accountant in this agency is to develop and maintain financial management systems, prepare and analyze budgetary and program lost statements, check costs of commercial food processors and producers, audit various operations in the office and in the field, and check records of commercial, cooperative, and state and municipal organizations participating in agricultural programs.Department of Commerce performs a wide range of operations. It gathers information about domestic and foreign industries and trade, publishes technical information for the government, and handles allocations of materials necessary to military and atomic energy programs. Its also a place which needs accountants. Accountants here maintain regulatory and cost accounting systems, and audit steamship, railroad, and utility companies. Department of defense is an department which includes departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. This department has established an ideal career program to help recruit auditors and accountants.The department needs a well-qualified accountants and auditors. Those accountants are needed to handle cost accounting, property and inventory accounting, inernal and external auditing, and budgeting. Under the department of Health, Education, and Welfare, there are Public Health Servide, the Food and Drug Administration, the Office of Education, the Social Security Administration, and the Office of Vacational Rehabilitation. Those offices are located every where in the United States, so countless accountants are needed to opera te in these organizations.The work mostly involves cost accounting, hospital accounting budgeting, auditing, and financial mangement. Post Office Deartmetn is another place which needs accountants assistants. This large department employs more than 560,000 persons and operates over 35,000 post offices. Besides that, it provides money-order and postal-saving services. All this naturally involves large sums of money and huge volumes of transactions. To handle it all, The depatment has set up within its organization a Bureau of Finance, which looks after the the accounting, budgeting, cost accounting, keeping statistics and financial data, nd financial management work. Department of the Treasury serves as the governments banker, bookkeeper, disburser, collector, trustee, investor, lender, printer of the currency, coiner of money, supervisor of national banks, and financial advisor to the President and Congress. Its not hard to see that each of these duties involves accounting. The Trea sure Department needs men and women educated and trained in accounting, auditiing, budgeting, and financial management.Here accountants may be systems accountants, general accountants, cost accountants, internal auditors, revenue agents, bank examiners, budget and fiscal officers, management analysts, tax analysts, and public debt analysts. There are also a nember of independent agencies with which an accountant may find interesting and challenging work. There are the Atomi Energy Commission, the Farm Credit Administration, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Securities and Exchange Commission and other important commissions, an accountant can find an easy way upward to general administrative and managerial positions.There is a overseeing department is called the United States Greneral Accounting Office. Just as a company president is the top man over many men and departments below him. The department generally oversees all the other agencies of the government. This vital depart ment is headed by the comptroller General of the United States. As the President is called the Chief Executive of the nation, you could call the comptroller General the Chief Accountant of the nation.His office, an independent agency in the legislative branch, has the vitally important job of making audits of the programs, activities, and financial responsibilities of federal departments and agencies. It even checks government contracts. Since womens position has been improved in the U. S, accounting also opened its door to women. It can be the world of achievement for the women who is looking for a higher ststus than what is offered by ledgers and journals. Accountants in todays society is expected to know a great deal about management, business practice and theory, taxes, cost accounting, auditing, and systems and controls.To the woman who can train these and other subjects gose the opportunity to work at the management level with executives and leaders of business. Women also hav e opportunities for specialization and self-employment in an accounting firm. Thats why I say accounting is the door which widely open to women, and more and more women are stepping into it. According to the statistics By 1910, there were about 190,000 women engaged in the occapation. From 1940-1950 the increase in female bookkeepers was 37,395. An estimate, based on the 1950 census, showed 556,229 women bookkeepers compared to only 164,748 men in the same employment. The figures show women occupy a large percentage in accounting field.Accounting is every where. Non eof the business or nonbusiness organization can stay longer without it. There is no doubt that all the business require some people who have some experience or knowledge in bookkeeping and accounting. More and more employers prefer employees with some knowledge of bookkeeping and accounting. There are other some examples of accounting job are required in different business Office Manager-accountant, excellent salary, ma y advance to plany controller.

Higher Education, and American Society

After thoroughly reading Race, Higher Education, and American Society, I felt genuinely enlightened. As cliche as that sounds, the article left-hand(a) me with a better understanding of what causes our society to function like it does. But on a deeper level I felt sensibly ashamed of the original close-mindedness that seems to run rampant throughout our nation. The argument that stood out the most, and was the most interesting to me was The conclusion of most of us is that race does not exist as a biological phenomenon. ut rather that it is affablely and culturally constructed (pg, 216).I wholeheartedly agree and support this argument, its not that society finds the different pigment of ones skin taboo, just now more the various stereotypes one is in a sense branded with by society. The author later explains that for the most part this form of discrimination is somewhat subliminal, in that no one would deliberately admit to it. Moses goes into deeper analysis by reflection that stereotypes are based upon plenty associating certain innate characteristics to specific groups of people. furthermore I share the feeling of the author of how sad it is that we live in a society that is so preconditioned to the idea of fixed racial categories. Ive spy a pattern in history that makes up our country, it is riddled with persecution, but despite this it seems weve learned nothing. I find it embarrassing that we could once be so ignorant to think that fellow human beings could be inferior based solely on the color of their skin and the location in which they reside.Although this was not mentioned in the article nor have I read it anywhere else, my hypothesis would be that darker skin pigments are a dominant evolutionary trait. For those that live close to and roughly the equator the darker skin is a defense to constant exposure to a sun that is in a sense closer than it is in the northern hemisphere. The best test in support of the above mentioned argument provided at bottom in the article is early and extremely conventional belief that some people cannot learn.What this is saying essentially is certain minorities have inferior brain capacity and therefore cant be taught. This concept itself was most easily seen in our own Constitution, being that people of color, poor white men, and women were not considered to be citizens. Even close to two hundred years later, there was still virtually no educational and social mobility for minorities. Its that sad cliche of the rich get richer while the poor remain poor. The author also explains how certain elements perpetuate the homogenization of elite universities, such as grades and test scores constitute merit (pg. 17).This in addition to the endless cycle that makes up inner-city education the schools lack resources and the desire to prepare these children, heavy(a) them a disadvantage when taking standardized tests and more specifically when trying to be admitted into a institution of higher lea rning. In conclusion, it is evident from the information within this article that stereotypes and racism are still found in America, and those who perpetuate them by encouraging homo-geniousness are merely trying to keep the rich rich.

The Characteristics Of Adult Learners Education Essay

Adult school-age childs in the procedure of ELT construct the particular concourse of throng socially accepted as mature and who argon in a acquire procedure. Education of large(p)s has long been coverd as different from focussing of kids in both guess and pattern. The field of galactic instruction was pi mavinered by Malcom Knowles who claimed that andragogy should be distinguished from get wording mode. Andragogy consists of larning schemes foc employ on grownups while t from each oneing method is attenti superstard on kids. Knowles theory of andragogy is an effort to develop a theory specifically for grownup accomplishment. Adults bring spiritedness invite and a degree of adulthood into the classroom that kids and striplings do non. Probably the individual most of import concern for the teacher of grownups is a thorough apprehension of the scholar. Through such an apprehension it is possible to direct your learning to the specific demands and employments of the gro wnup.Adults ar autonomous and express to retreat duty for determinations. Adult larning plans mustiness suit this cardinal facet. In practical footings, it means that direction for grownups demands to concentrate to a greater extent on the procedure and less on the content being taught. It is of import to expend schemes such as function playing, tricks, pioneer go bad and intercessions rather frequently because they are most utile for volumed pupils who are moving in -centred, goal- oriented and practical. teacher adopts a function of facilitator or resource instead than lector or grader. more(prenominal)over, anformer(a) facet of grownup instruction is motive because merely when pupils are motivated they potentiometer larn. The trounce manner is to heighten studentsA? farming for larning. Teachers must be after their motivation scheme which is considered to be successful if it includes demoing grownup pupils the relationship amongst developing an expected everyday ity.Finally, we do non hold to bury another built-in portion of grownups larning which proper feedback is. We should cognize when and drop to give feedback because favorable feedback is one of the basic wagess of acquisition.Teaching English to grownups is different from learning kids and teens and involves a considerable plaza of planning and accomplishment to do it graspable and adaptable to all scholars.1. Features of Adult LearnersCompared to kids and teens, grownups bring particular demands and demands as scholars. Adults are people who hurl the position of adulthood in their ain and other peopleA?s eyes, but in the instruction procedure they come in the low-level place of the scholars. It could be rattling hard at the beginning and it depends on somebodys how to dog with this state of affairs. A batch of grownups drive out go dying because they are so disquieted almost traveling back to school and are horror-struck of their failure and may believe that they are un able to larn. The struggle is that as grownups we already eat up certain well-developed thoughts about life along with our ain musical arrangement of thoughts and beliefs. To acknowledge that we take in to larn something new is to acknowledge that there is something improper with our present system. 1 On the other manus, they bring in outlook about the acquisition procedure and they are able to accept duty for their ain acquisition. They are independent and self directed, they are non dependent on other people for way. Adults as scholars are goal-oriented and results-oriented. They normally know what end they hope to accomplish and they similarly use up specific consequences in question for instruction. They must see a ground why to larn something. Learning has to be valuable for them it should be think to their demands and eventually suit to their work. In other words, grownups seek instruction which is appropriate for their genuine lives. They are practical and are f ocused on the facets of the lessons it means they want to cognize how the lessons leave behind be utile to them on the occupation. We must non bury that grownups have a batch of bed and a wealth of intelligence and they expect to be treated consequently. They require larning that bothers sense and is committed to their cognition and experience. They can be vital of learning methods they forget non execute a learning operation merely because the instructor said to defend it.Furthermore, we can anticipate that grownups are more disciplined that some kids and adolescents and are able to prolong a degree of motive. Compared to kids, grownups have more developed abstract idea it means we have to construct appropriate activities adapted to utilize their minds to larn consciously.To sum it up, there are a batch of specific characteristics of grownup scholars which we have to bear in head in the procedure of learning. Compared to kids and adolescents, grownups have particular de mands and demands as scholars. Of class, these are generalisations and there can look some exclusions in each root of scholars.2. Learner DifferencesAll pupils have different rational abilities. They think and learn otherwise. Learner differences are related to different thought manners and larning manners of pupils. Some of them use more than one manner, but by and large each individual has a preferable manner. We can separate brooding minds, originative minds, practical minds and conceptual minds. Brooding minds perceive new tuition subjectively, associate it to past experience and analyze their feelings about larning. On the contrary, originative minds like to play with new information, really frequently affect why? and make their ain solutions. Practical minds need factual information and attempt to happen the simpletonst and besides efficient manner to make something. In other words, they want to use their new accomplishments to their occupation. The last aggroup consists of conceptual minds who are interested in how things work, non merely in the concluding result. They like seeing images and want to cognize the related constructs. 2 Equally of import are larning manners. Students normally tend to one acquisition manner because they associate it with larning success. in that location are ternary general larning manners ocular, audile, and kinesthetic. Ocular scholars process new information when they can see it. They like artworks, illustrations, diagrams, images and launchings. Their slogan is verbalise me. Auditory scholars rely on sounds and voices they withdraw new information when it is spoken. They love parleys and treatments. Their slogan is Tell me. Kinesthetic scholars need to make something to understand it. They want to touch the new information or manipulate it. They prefer written assignments, taking notes and scrutiny of objects. Their slogan is Let me make it. 3. Motivation for Adult LearningMotivation is some sort of int ernal thrust which pushes someone to make things in order to accomplish something. A cognitive position of motive includes factors such as the demand for geographic expedition, activity, stimulation, new cognition and egotism sweetening.Students come to education for many grounds. All grounds are acceptable because any motive is better than none. Unless you are motivated, you will non and can non larn. Most big pupils are at the schoolroom because they want to be. There are called want to scholars. Some of them are at that place because they need it for their occupation. They are have to scholars.There are a batch of motive factors. Some of the most common arePromotion- depends on go throughing an test or making a class. personalized promotion people want to acquire higher position at work. affectionate relationships people want to do new friends.Escape/Stimulation people want to turn away ennui, larning can disrupt the day-to-day modus operandi at place or at work.Externa l outlooks people try to carry through the outlooks of person with formal authorization.More money after go throughing a class or successful graduation you can anticipate to gain more money. brotherly public assistance attempt to better ability to be good to mankind and outlet part in community workCognitive involvement people who are interested in larning, they want to have new information and seek cognition for its ain interestThere are iv Foundational Principles that motivate grownups to larn ( Wlodkowski, 2009 ) Inclusion is the consciousness of scholars that they are a portion of an environment, they respect each other, and they have no f refine of menace or humiliation. It is related to positive societal clime. Inclusion Fosters engagement.Attitude is a crew of constructs, information, and emotions. Attitude consequences in a sensitivity that can take to favorable or admonitory result. Attitude causes a powerful consequence on human behavior and acquisition because th ey help people make sense of their populace. ( E.g. Negative larning experience can impact our attitude, engagement and outlooks. )Meaning devising, apprehension, and altering significance is a cardinal facet of grownup instruction. Deep significance causes that the experience or thought is connected to an of import end. Meaning comes from disputing larning experience in an piquant format about a relevant subject. Meaning sustains engagement.Competence is an attempt to effectual interaction with the universe. Adults have a strong innate temperament to be competent. They need to use what they have learned to the existent universe. Competence allows a pupil to experience overconfident when they know that they are expert at what they are larning. Assurance once more supports and motivates more extended acquisition. This can ensue in a spiralling good force of competency and assurance.Increasing and directing pupil motive is one of a teacherA?s working classs. We should form the in dispensable motivational conditions. If we want to put in up inclusion, we need to make a acquisition ambiance in which scholars and instructors feel respected and connected to one another. Following labor is to develop attitude, it means making a favorable temperament to larning through personal relevancy and pick. To heighten significance is of import to make ambitious and thoughtful acquisition experiences which include learnersA? positions and values. Furthermore we should breed competency by making an apprehension of scholar effectivity.And how do we cognize if scholars are motivated? There are some discernible indexs of native motiveLearners do activities without opposition.Learners spontaneously relate acquisition.Learners ask inquiries.Learners go beyond required work.Learners are proud of their acquisition and its effects.Unlike kids and adolescents, grownups have many duties that they must equilibrate. These duties can take to the barriers against take parting in larnin g. The most common jobs are deficiency of clock time, money, assurance, involvement, deficiency of information, programming job and jobs with kid attention and transit. The best manner how to actuate grownup scholars is to heighten their ground for acquisition and diminish the barriers. As instructors of grownups we have to be after actuating schemes which show learners the relationship between preparation and an expected publicity.4. Giving Feedback The old expression that pattern makes perfect is non true. But it is true to state that it is pattern the consequences of which are known which makes perfect. ( F.C. Barlett )Feedback, unfavorable judgment, assess and noticing are really of import in the instruction procedure. Teaching grownups is complicated because of the trouble of knocking. There are two unsafe giving feedback in the incorrect manner and non giving plenty. Without proper feedback the learner public presentation can non better. If public presentation can non bette r, all scholars rapidly loose their involvement. Good feedback is one of the basic wagess of acquisition and critical portion of the learning rhythm goes like thisIn comparing with kids and teens, grownups find it harder to acknowledge that they have made a error, and it is harder for them to unlearn it. The same error can be repeated once more hence is of import to give feedback instantly or every bit shortly as possible. The job is non merely to rectify mistakes made on the topographic point, but to happen out some basic misinterpretations from the yesteryear, e.g. when we teach grammar, pupils sometimes have no thought what parts of address are. Until all the misinterpretation from the yesteryear are identified, no advancement can be made. A batch of pupils see it hard to larn the regulations of English spelling decently. It can be a combination of mechanical and psychological grounds. It is peculiarly difficult to rectify once more perennial errors. The solution how to avoid i t is bar it means make certain that on first juncture of a new spot of larning the grownup gets the right reply right first clip . 3 It is frequently said that people learn by doing errors. It is true but we should recognize when measuring that horn in make us experience confident, whereas negative unfavorable judgment makes us self-doubting. Good feedback is given quickly, contains encouraging words, gives elaborate remark on each public presentation, praises the good points before knocking the bed, is focused on knocking the public presentation, non the individual, is concentrated on merely a few errors at a clip and is clear.Giving feedback demands accomplishments every bit good as tact. We should make a friendly ambiance for constructive feedback. After giving feedback, we should look into that the scholar has mute the message by inquiring open-ended inquiries. Avoid closed ( yes, no ) inquiries, e.g. Have you understood? It is better to get down inquiries with State me , How , or why .Finally, a batch of instructors overestimate the measure of feedback they give. To avoid it, seek to happen ways to offer every scholar some feedback in every lesson. As instructors of grownups we should understate the bed consequence of unfavorable judgment although there are a batch of possibilities for misinterpretation because without feedback pupils can non larn and instructors do non learn.5. Function of the Teacher When the pupil is ready, the instructor appears ( a Buddhist adage )As we said in one of old chapter, a batch of big pupils can experience dying when they go back to school after a few old ages being out of the schoolroom. Our occupation as a instructor of grownup pupils is to be positive, friendly and encouraging. Patients help too. It is sometimes of import to cognize that older pupils need more clip to react if we ask a inquiry.Promote your pupils to utilize their ain life experience in the acquisition procedure excessively. As instructor we should understate the amusement park of failure and the bad consequence of past acquisition experiences by offering activities which are accomplishable for our pupils and correspond to their degree.Not merely pupils can hold some concerns. There can be a job for some instructors and it is age. School instructors are ever older than their students and have the advantages of longer instruction. Not so instructors of grownups. They can be younger than their pupils and may even be less intelligent. It is right to hold some concerns about a new group of pupils, but both the job and the solution are in our ain custodies.What makes a good instructor? Effective instructor have these features ( Rogers, 1989 ) A warm personality accept all pupils and understand them, be helpfulSocial skill ability to link the group together without being dominateForming ability disposal is swimmingly handledSkill in descrying and deciding scholar jobs fanaticism a batch of oculus contact, varied voic e inflection.Not merely can the personality of a instructor but the leadinging manner lead to the success or failure of larning. We can separate three different types of leading dictator, where the leader is rigorous, autocratic, encourages fight and makes all of import determinations himself laissez-faire, where the instructor does virtually energy unless he is straight asked a inquiry and democratic, where the scholars decide what they will make and the instructor is person who can impact single solutions of jobs. In the group where the instructor behaves magisterially the scholars are submissive and good behaved, but frequently mishear instructions, are competitory, reciprocally belittling and demo marks of aggression and tend to abandon work when the instructor leaves the room. On the contrary, the individualistic group does about nil whether or non the instructor is present. Under democratic leading the scholars work good together without carnival of one sur short the other . There occur small tenseness or aggression and the impermanent absence of the instructor make no alterations in the sum of work the scholars do. 4 It is clear that creativeness is more bucked up in groups where the instructor does non rule. There can develop pleasant societal relationships, more pupils burble to one another and esteem each other. On the other manus, dominant, aloof, autocratic instructors tend to bring forth either really hostile or low-keyed group of scholars who are individualists and do non desire to co-operate.6. Teaching SchemesAny activity that gets pupils involved is really utile and makes the learning experimental. This includes e.g. little group treatments, function drama, composing or pulling something specific, skits etc. Activities that involve acquiring up and traveling approximately can besides maintain pupils energized. Try to utilize a assortment of learning stuffs and methods and do non bury single differences of your pupils ( differences in mann er, clip, types and gait of larning ) . It is known that single differences addition with age. Take into history that your pupils have a batch of life experience which they can convey to the schoolroom, supply them every bit much chances for duologue as possible and ask open-ended inquiries so that they can utilize their cognition and experience. Treat all inquiries and remarks with regard. State your pupils the outlooks of the instruction procedure and familiarise them with the course of study, but do non be disappointed when they do non wholly agree with your program. You can discourse it together and do some alterations in conformity with the demands of your pupils. They can assist you to plan the acquisition procedure. Because grownup pupils are jobs centred, allow them cognize how the saucily acquired cognition can be applied to current jobs or state of affairss. As a instructor you should equilibrate between presentation of new stuff, treatment and engagement among pupils and your class program. Teaching schemes for grownups are more effectual if it is learner-centred than instructor-centred. 5 By utilizing combinations of grownup scholar techniques and schemes, Extension pedagogues can make preparation experiences that will heighten the acquisition of participants. When grownups participate in a positive acquisition experience, they are more likely to retain what they have learned and use it in their work environment.6.1. Lectures and PresentationsLectures and presentations are the most common instruction methods in big instruction. They are sometimes referred to as an economic manner of learning because they do non ask about any technician or administrative support. As a instructor usage these methods exhaustively. First, maintain them short. Lectures should take 15 or 20 proceedingss and bound for presentation is even shorter, five proceedingss. Second, your call down should hold a clear beginning, center and terminal it means that it is clear to y our pupils and if it is clear defined, it can assist pupils to cognize what the aims are before get downing. This techniques has o batch of possibilities how to be used. You can present short intensive presentation which is followed by practising. You can instantly see if your pupils understood your talk. Adults learn best through engagement and activity, so your talk or presentation can be interspersed with group treatment, single confinements, and audio-visual stuff. In the talks or presentations try to maintain to simple chief points. A batch of grownup pupils need to hold a written support of a new piece of larning but it is known that grownups do non take notes really frequently. Making notes during presentation can be a recreation from understanding therefore it is better to teach your pupils non to compose merely listen to you. Fix well-designed printed press releases for them, non really long because it could deter your pupils from reading it. It is better to administer pre ss releases after a talk than earlier it is less deflecting. If you are showing, be certain that all scholars are able to see from your point of position. If the presentations are seen from the forepart, the pupil must mentally shift by reversal all the procedures.In general, talks and presentations are likely best used in short subdivisions, with frequent resort to treatment, single pattern, undertaking work etc.6.2. Role drama, Simulation and GamesSimulation, role- drama and games play similar functions in lingual communication instruction. They are seen as ways of bridging the spread between the schoolroom and the existent word. These activities offer a assortment of ways how to do the acquisition procedure more interesting, disputing and lively. As we said in earlier chapters, grownups need to avoid being told how to make something, they need to seek it out for themselves.Role-playing refers to the changing of one s behavior to presume a function. It is any speech production activity when you either set yourself into person else s places ( The President, a millionaire, a dad star etc. ) , or when you stay in your ain places but set yourself into an fanciful state of affairs ( At the eating house , Checking in at the airdrome etc. ) Role-playing is proposed as an ideal technique to learn lingual communication because it prepares scholars for the unpredictable nature of real-life communicating, Teachs appropriate linguistic communication usage, and boosts assurance. Learning takes topographic point when activities are prosecuting and memorable. It is ever better to convey state of affairss to life and maintain them existent and relevant. We should utilize the role-play for the undermentioned grounds ( Harmer, 1989 ) It s merriment and motivation.Quieter pupils get the opportunity to show themselves in a more blunt manner.The universe of the schoolroom is broadened to include the outside universe therefore offering a much wider scope of linguistic com munication chances.Some function playing is simple and does non necessitate any particular readying. It is a normal extension of work done rehearsing duologues and drills on the other manus, function drama can be ready in advanced when the instructor sets up the scene. The stuff must be relevant, brief and believable. Once you have selected a suited function drama, predict the linguistic communication needed for it. It is recommended to present any new vocabulary before the function drama. After the function drama is finished, pass some clip on debriefing. This does non intend indicating out and rectifying errors. It is the procedure of debriefing which helps do the acquisition points. After the function drama, the pupils are satisfied with themselves they feel that they have used their cognition of the linguistic communication for something utile. This feeling of satisfaction will vanish if every error is analyzed. It might besides do the pupils less confident and less willing t o make the other function dramas. Ask your pupils sentiment about the role-play, e.g. What did you believe of the manner you handled X? How did it compare with the manner you deal with this in existent life? The economic consumption is to discourse what has happened in the function and what they have learned. Finally, do non bury to thank and praise the participants for their attempts.Example of function dramaWe can play the picture where the characters are making something. The pupils watch it and so can reiterate some duologues. Then the instructor divides pupils into groups and they play the characters from the film dawdler, but extend the duologues harmonizing to their ain phantasy. After fudge factor and treatment they play the same scene once more.Simulation is defined as a world of map in a fake and incorporate environment. A simulation has three featuresA world of map which means the participants in a simulation must step inside the function they have accepted and act co nsequently.A fake environment where there is no contact with the existent universe.A structured environment where the participants have all the facts and information provided for them. 6 Simulations have been used in many countries of preparation and instruction, such as the ground forces or in concern surveies. But in whatever country, linguistic communication is the tool used for communicating and Jones claim that simulation and linguistic communication are virtually inseparable . Simulation in ELT motivates scholars because simulation activities give them a opportunity to be involved in linguistic communication usage. It allows everyone to take part and even when errors are made, the instructor does non interfere. It gives chance for meaty pattern of linguistic communication because most simulations involve interaction, either verbal or non-verbal, in spoken or written signifier. Well planned simulations that are relevant to the scholars will surely promote earners to desire to finish the undertakings. The realistic ambiance in simulation is achieved through the careful readying of the stimulus stuff. Students take functions where they behave as people in a wider assortment state of affairss which are close to existent life. Simulation encourages creativeness although it begins with information given to scholars. They need to be clever to bring forth the thought and to finish the simulation.Example of simulationTitle To do a command5 participants ( each pupil is given a function card with some information about a function and with counsel what to make Finance Manager, Factory Manager, Gross saless Manager, lieu Manager, and Director )Situation The company is doing available RM 10A 000 for upgrading merely one of the four sections. Each section is under the leading of a director ( as in the preceding(prenominal) ) . Each section is allowed to do a command for the amount of money saying the ground the money is needed. The Director will so make up ones mind the successful bidder.Language maps Explaining, justifying, supporting, opposing.Time 1 hr lessonStudents are divided in groups of 5. At the terminal of the lesson, the Director studies on the determination for each group.GamesNot merely do many grownups enjoy games, but linguistic communication games really accelerate larning in a figure of ways. It is perfectly critical that big pupils know why they are utilizing a peculiar game, what specific mark grammar or vocabulary are they rehearsing, or what accomplishment are they reenforcing by utilizing the game. If pupils know and understand why they are making a peculiar activity they will be much more inclined to collaborate and taste the acquisition. Learning through merriment activities relaxes pupils and makes the schoolroom atmosphere much more supportive for scholars. Using adequate assortment in the type of activity or game will convey all four acquisition manners into drama auditory, ocular and kinesthetic. Using games al lows your pupils to acquire the most out of lesson clip, by passing it talking English.There are some links where you can happen a batch of games for grownup English scholarswww.teachingenglishgames.comwww.ELTgames.comThe of import advantage of all above mentioned activities is that they are wholly active methods of larning. Another benefit is that their existent value is frequently in the societal accomplishments they teach.6.3. Undertaking Work State me and I forget. Show me and I remember. Involve me and I understand ( Chinese adage )Undertaking work is a agency of communicating and enjoyment found on the combination of theory and pattern. A undertaking is an drawn-out piece of work on a peculiar subject where the content and the presentation are determined primarily by the scholars. Students work in groups to work out disputing jobs that are reliable and frequently interdisciplinary. Learners decide how to near a job and what activities to prosecute. It can be used at every de gree from absolute novice to progress. There can be involved all scholars mixed in ability, assurance and experience. The undertakings are really originative. The writers of the undertakings gather information from a assortment of beginnings and synthesise, analyze, and derive cognition from it and so set all the parts together to organize a consistent presentation. It is based on studentsA? demands and involvements. The instructor s function is to steer and rede, instead than to direct and pull off pupil work.How to get down? Teach your pupils how to make undertaking work. Get down with concrete, small-scale activities. Decide the presentation signifier and the standards for its rating. Undertakings need to be seen or read so be after the last undertaking session as a presentation.Types of undertakingsProduction undertakingPerformance undertakingCollection undertakingsInformational undertakingsOrientation undertakingsSocial public assistance undertakings.Each undertaking unavoidab ly to be evaluated. You can utilize a simple undertaking rating study, which remarks on facets of the undertaking such as content, design, linguistic communication work and besides evaluates the unwritten presentation phase of the undertaking. It can be discussed with all pupils from the category or group.Advantages of undertaking work areIt increases motive because all scholars are in person involvedAll four accomplishments reading, composing, listening and talking are integratedLearning outcome pupils have an concluding merchandiseUndertaking is an reliable undertaking and therefore the linguistic communication input is more reliableThere are developed interpersonal dealingss through working in a groupIt is learner centred contend and methodological analysis can be decided between the scholars and the instructorA interruption from everyday. 7 6.4. DiscussionDiscussion is the prototypic learning method for active acquisition because it encourages pupils to detect solutions and d evelop critical thought abilities. . Discussion allows scholars to be active and experience personal contact. During treatment all participants speak to each other, explore, exchange positions, and larn from each other, pupils from instructor, instructor from pupils. Discussion is a state of affairs where pupils and instructor can and make do an unfastened, equal and personal response to a book, current societal job, manner, movies, political relations etc. which needs reading to take it beyond a factual statement. In a good treatment most members of the group experience willing able to talk when appropriate. Even in group where everybody haves, there will be people who talk more than others. Dominant members of groups are frequently able and energetic people, whose enterprise can be used for other group members, either in the thoughts they contribute to general treatment, or in some particular assignments, excess research or short talks they can set about. Silent member or people who speak seldom in a treatment can be soundless as a manner of demoing disapproval of what the remainder of group are stating or they can be diffident, diffident or lazy or because they prefer to listen to other people instead than to speak themselves. Problems of over-dominant and excessively soundless pupils can be solved by dividing the group into smaller groups for some portion of the category clip. Peoples who neer speak in the big group can state a batch in the smaller 1.Before treatment you can promote your pupil to fix for it. They can believe about a subject, read some stuffs and write notes and remarks. It is normal that for the first twosome of proceedingss the treatment is slow and hard to pull off, but if your pupils are prepared for it and you cook a friendly atmosphere it can shortly warm up. If your purpose is a treatment which involves everyone, it is of import to run chairs in a circle, as that is the lonely(prenominal) manner people can see or turn to each othe r easy than in sitting lecture- manner in consecutive lines. 8 DecisionIn decision, learning grownups should be different from learning kids and striplings. As we said, instructors of grownups should utilize a different manner of learning which is based on the theory of andragogy which suggest that grownups expect learner centred scenes where they can find their ain ends and form their acquisition harmonizing to their present life demands. The learning techniques should be chosen with respect to demands of all scholars. We should see what approach path and methods seem to be appropriate for our pupils. We have to esteem our pupils different larning manners, we should promote them, actuate them and give them a proper feedback. When our pupils know that the instruction procedure benefits them pragmatically, they will execute better, and the benefits will be longer enduring. Good instructors of grownups take all of these factors into history. Beyond learning your topic, you have the chance to animate assurance and passion in another human being. This is your challenge as a instructor of grownups.

Planned Parenthood Essay

Planned parenthood is a luxury to the refreshful generation. When our parents had children, it was non a decision it was a moral duty to society. To further analyze the individual factors of planned parenthood you must draw on the larger religious, kindly, and economic factors that guide your individual decisions (Mills, 1959). If nonpareil considers the broad social factors that shape, influence, and allow individual choices, you are using what C. Wright Mills called the Sociological Imagination (Appelbaum and Chambliss, 1997). The insight provided by the Sociological Imagination brings new understanding to this particular event, the planning of parenthood.The choice to bare children was never a topic for conversation in past generations. Religion as an institution had great influence than it does in modern society. Families of the past were expected to follow religious teaching and were manipulated by the sociological expectations of the family definition. Birth get the hang and abortion were taboo and social norms demonstrated the influence of religion in society. Nowadays abortion clinics are common ground and the pill is the topic in high school settings. due(p) to todays norms, most people are not following the old religious standards of go forth and multiply they have new wants and desires. spectral beliefs that were the core of cultural values became second to scientific research and renovation. The focus of society shifted from the unknown and unexplained to the known and scientifically proven. Technology and medicine overhaul sociological institutions what was taboo became the social norm. The possibility of genetic testing, the development of the birth control pill, and government legislation of pro-choice allow individuals to have choices on parenthood. Technology, which we cannot control as individuals, creates individualism, free will, and personal disclosure from what was once considered a social duty or basic human nature. fond regions of men and women have a deep impact on personal decisions as well. Society expected men and women to get married, have children, and live a healthy life as husband and wife. Parenthood was not an option it was a task in fulfilling your social role (Appelbaum and Chambliss, 1997). Men were bread winners and women house makers united by the familyinstitution. The role of men was to provide the family with comfortable living resources and protect them from harm. They were rough, tough, and above all, had the education to succeed in the workforce.Women were the heart of the family, the nurtures, the caregivers, the mothers and wives. They were neglected the educational resources needed to succeed in the workforce and the bare thought of a working mother was absurd. Now, with the high standards of family life, women are likely to work in order to provide additional family income.Economically, a child is a large strain on finances. This has a large impact on the decision to bear a child. In the past, large families were conventionalism because children were also providers of income therefore, a large family meant economic security. The family worked to fulfill family needs not family wants. Working-class families did not have the economic opportunity of extra disposable income they did not have luxuries. The foundation of the family was hard work and unity. Women worked hard in the kitchen, men in the field, and children with household tasks. Parenthood was not an option it was an extra source of income and survival.Social structures have given way to personal choice. Planned parenthood is the result of structural renovation. One can now sit down and discuss the consequence of being a parent without feeling societys pressure to have a child. The Sociological Imagination enables us to grasp at the family between our lives as individuals and the larger forces that help shape them (Appelbaum, 2001). It is the interplay of larger social forces that shape the choices individuals make. The decision to bare a child is the result of social-historical renovation that provides us with the notion that we have some control over our fate. Planned parenthood is now an individual choice, not a sociological expectation.

Human Resources Specialist

benignant Resources Manager in retaining its talents. T Company is a public utility firm which obtain 2,300 employees. The oerall employee swage set In T Company is 5% however, it is found that most of the addrs argon from Customer Service Hotlist Department (CASH) which Its own swage number is 30% and 20% In 2010 and in 2009 respectively. Among the total subject of leave deep down the hotlist department (33 employees issue of 110 employees) 80% of the leavers were coevals Y.Since customer do is crucial for the victor of T Company in terms of its profit and brand image, especially among the hotlist department which has a rack record in delivering trustworthy and outstanding operate to the customers and distinguishing it ego from its competitors, high perturbation rate will definitely threatening the competitive edge of T Company. The gambol responsibilities of a customer service officer is various and requiring litters of skills set, e. G. DOD communication and inter personal skills, customer service skills, computer skills and product experience, thus it is reflected that the strain nature is generally nerve-wracking. Not only manipulation customers enquiries on tele ring, they bring forth to handle complaints, help customer to register radical user account and even selling reduces through phone call. More remarkably, they have to possess sufficient product knowledge and knowledge in handling of emergency cases e. G. Suspect of gas leakage, due to damage of the products. Heavy bringload and stressful job nature may be one of the underlying cause of high turnover 2.Purpose of the Study The mall purpose of the study Is to examine the priming coat for high turnover rate In Generation Y group In the hotlist department In T Company. And base on the re seem findings, to force out possible solutions for the human resources manager to retain its employees, so as to uphold the service pledge in T Company for improving TTS organisational motion . 3. immensity of Problem I remover study Is regard as gallants In Don camel Ana managerial perspective. High turnover rate was detrimental in several aspects to the companion e. G. sparing, staff morale, departure of intellectual asset, etc.Economically, it will increase the upbringing and recruitment cost, while inadequate work force brought about failure in meeting service standard, potential loss of business opportunities, which as a result decrease gross profit of the company. Besides, turnover may excessively bring about intangible asset negative impact, like, staff morale, customer service corruption, burnout/absenteeism among re primary(prenominal)ing employees, and the loss of institutional knowledge among experienced employees. (Mathis 2006) However, turnover could be beneficial to a company, which we regard it as functional turnover.For instance, when a weak per actor is substituted by a more productive employee and when a senior retirement allows the promotion or acquisition of have fresh blood who may bring about synergies and new insights to the company. Yet, for the case of T Company, as supported by the figure of declining service standard and inadequate manpower bought by turnover, it is significant to advise Seibel retention method to the manager to tackle the problem of dysfunction turnover. Meanwhile, it is academically important, since lots of scholars had been doing research in finding out underlying causes of turnover.We may take this chance to see to it and apply what we have read and learn from existing turnover model to real case. 4. Scope of the check out This research study enables the researchers to understand and analyze various sympathys for turnover in the organization. This report provides enough scope to know about the characteristics of Generation Y the great unwashed. It alike facilitates to understand the activities and performances of the Generation Y employees in the organization. Various theories and models r elated to the turnover have been explained which will enhance the researchers knowledge about the subject.The research method has been properly designed to analyze the overall cause, burden and steps of the organization to control it. This research study enables the researchers to gain knowledge about the research methods which may be beneficial in future research work. 5. Literature Review Researches done be scholars related to of turnover ar reviewed in this part. For instance, the study of Generation Y turnover, Organizational Commitment and contemplate satisfaction which relate with employee turnover. I remover Introduction overturn occurs due to the decisions of both company and the employer.The reallocation of avocation is due to bareness and creation of meditates across industries. The creation and devastation of Job rates as a directory of labor market have been used by Organization for Economic Corporation and Development. In a well-organized economy Job reallocatio n is highly important because it is related to the career of the individuals. An employee, who has been displaced after bulky term, suffers a lot from getting a Job or a permanent earning (Lane, 2000). Organization make different management decisions in setting an employment press out because in that respect are different costs associated with hiring and firing employees.Various costs are associated with hiring dish. These costs generally differ depending on the type of employee and the nature of the production puzzle outes. Turnover rate has been raised widely with the economy as the turnover is high in service sector than manufacturing sector. The attachment level of the Job is pended on various types of employees. Thus, the release level also varies considerably. Turnover is also termed as the combined decision taken by the employee and the employer or the firm. Consequently, less educated employees who are engaged in Job have high turnover with comparatively less working e xperiences (Lane, 2000).The extent of turnover is determined in two ways. First is the employee based survey and the reciprocal ohm is the employer based survey. Employee based survey denotes the number of Jobs a employee have had within a definite time period. Employer based revere is the records of administration to examine the number of employees who has left or acquire to be hired. According to Survey of Income and Program Participation data, it has been estimated that average monthly turnover rate in 1991, in US was 7. 1%. Turnover rate varies depending on the age, sex, industry and skill.Manufacturing organization faces lower turnover rate than the service industry. A new firm may also experience high turnover due to low wages to the employees (Aerospace, 1997). According to Burblers, until 2006 over 1. 2 million cashier Jobs was available, alone out of only 1 Job was available and others were turnover. On the other hand, out of 6. 5 million Jobs opening as low skilled work , only 1 million were new Jobs (Lane, 2000). Turnover varies according to the level of industry. The rate of turnover is highest in retail and construction industry whereas lowest in manufacturing, administration, real estate along with finance.In retail and professional services out of 5 Jobs, 1 Job is available and the rest is employee based turnover. For new and small organization turnover rate is high. On the other hand, rate is low for large-scale and older employers. Thus, differences of employers results in significant proposition for the employment of low income employees. High turnover firms have numbers of Job openings than low turnover firms (Lane, 2000). I en rate AT turnover Is comparatively enlarger In young employees tan ten 010 ones. Adult men with fosterage only from high school changes Job oftentimes at a level of 40% higher than the college educated one.In 1997, Henry S. Barber stated that former mobility is a good forecaster of leaving the new Job. In 1996, on e out of quaternity employees with high school education lasted in a Job for less than a year after having Ewing compared with six numbers of college educated employees. The forecasted term period of Job is a vital determinant of decisions in training (Faber, 1997). Turnover Rate and Vacancy Rate of Hong Kong According to the First Quarter 2010 Survey of Manpower Statistics from Hong Kong Institute of Human Resource Management (HOKIER), the turnover rate for the first quarter of 2010 was 2. 54%, 0. 5 percentage point higher than the fourth quarter of 2009 which was 2. 29%. Compared with the same period in 2009, it can be analyzed that the turnover rate is 0. 98 percentage point higher. Consequences of Turnover The highest turnover of Job in firm has no direct influence on the survival of the firm. When the turnover rate is high the employers are more likely feel the consequence of such a scenario. It can be examined that as the turnover rate of firm is high, in that respect are le ss expectation to invest in training and human capital. There is less employees to transfer the specific knowledge of firm and offer fewer fringe benefits.The change in Job leads to the suffering of the unskilled employees for a longer time. The less earning also makes them to suffer unemployment. The loss of work time embodied with lost skills result in unemployment. For skilled employees it leads to a reduction of skills pushing previously high-wage employees into the low-wage unskilled group. As the cause of the turnover is Job loss, employees have less chance of employment, advanced prospects of part-time work and lower earnings. These costs are higher for the least-educated employees. The earning which is lost from the dislocation is rather large and determined.After the several years of dislocation the estimation ranges from 10 to 25 percent. The results on the growth of wage along with the wage levels are of vital significance. Another outcome of higher turnover probability i s reduced training, which may bring in flatter earnings. Thus, it has been observed that new Jobs have less benefit such as fringe benefits and other health insurances (Lane, 2000). The rate of high turnover is found where there is less unemployment and also in the place where people can be secured from the alternative employment.It has been found that the turnover rate is highest among service industry. The rates of turnover have lessened in the previous couple of years in demanding economical situation (CHIP, 2010). Theories and Concepts What is Motivation? Motivation is a reason for doing something and want is concerned with the ciphers that influence people to behave in certain ways (Armstrong 2007). Arnold et al (III furnish In Armstrong ) suggested tense components motivation . Nines are Direction What a person is trying to do Effort how hard a person is trying and tenaciousness how long a person keeps on trying.With vast amounts of research and theories on motivation, it is often difficult to define a universally accepted definition. However, what is widely ceremonious is that motivational theories are concerned with he way people behave in a certain way, with a basic underlying question of why do people do what they do? In general terms, motivation can be described as the direction and persistence of action (Mulling, 2005). immanent Vs. Extrinsic Herbert suggested that there are two different sets of factors affecting motivation and work, which he identified as hygiene and motivator factors.Hygiene factors take ond status, salary, environment, Job security and policy, and related to Job context. They are mainly concerned with Job environment and are extrinsic to the Job itself (Mullions 2005). These factors do not necessary give electropositive satisfaction but dissatisfaction would be predominant if they were absent. On the other hand, motivator factors which are separate from hygiene factors are related to the content of the work itse lf and these include being challenged, receiving recognition, gaining responsibility, achievements and some other intrinsic aspects of the Job role.Mullions (2005) comments The strength of these factors will affect feelings of satisfaction or no satisfaction, but not dissatisfaction. Herrings possibility is more directed and relevant to the workplace and provides a better understanding of titivation factors when compared to Mascots Hierarchy of Needs Theory. However, Herrings theory has also been criticized for its application. Its critics claim that this model applies to people with largely unskilled Jobs or those with a less challenging and repetitive role, and lack of context.Also, different situations will affect ones motivational and hygiene factors. Broom 1964 apprehension Model Expectancy theory aims to explain and predict individual behaviors in motivation. The theory explains how individuals assess the probable outcomes of behaviors and place values on these outcomes. Brooms model is based on three mention variables valence (the imbibeiveness of, or preference for, a particular outcome), instrumentality (the comprehend probability that behavior will lead to a reward) and expectancy (the perceived probability that effort will result in obtaining the reward) (Mullions, 2005).It is also about expectations and the possible dangers of misconception and misjudgment in anticipation for a reward that does not get delivered for the performance and effort made, which can cause dissatisfaction. Mullions (2005) also suggests that this theory goes beyond feelings of satisfaction individual gains when the task is completed buy the feeling of anticipation in gaining satisfaction. Expectancy theory further assumes that behavior is rational, and that we are conscious of our motives.This model offers to explain why people leave if individuals feel that their effort is not awarded or reflected in some reward as they expected to receive then they will feel dissat isfied and denominated and therefore consider leaving. Subsequently, it is important for organizations to manage Analgesias expectation Ana Tanat positive Demeanor Is acknowledge w ten n re It Is non- financial or financial. Managing expectations Psychological Contract The psychological iron out goes beyond any motivation theory and suggests a possible explanation of a more long term theory of why employee may choose to stay or leave an organization.Professor David Guest defined the psychological contract as the perceptions of the two parties employee and employer of what their mutual obligations are towards each other (CHIP, 2008) Arnold et al (2005) further identify that the psychological contract is an individual employees beliefs about the right and obligations of both sides in the employment race. These obligations mess as promises or expectations can be vague. However, Mullions (2005) offers possible expectations that employees may have of the organization.These include providing a safe and hygienic working environment, Job security, respect, provisions of challenging and satisfying Jobs, training and development, and rewarding all employee fairly according to their contributions and performance. These expectations are around similar to Herrings two factor theory. As the psychological contract is a reciprocal agreement, employers will expect employees to work hard, sustain company reputation, tape truth to the organization, be legible and be honest (CHIP 2008).Mullions (2005) further proposes that employer will expect employees to adhere to the rules, policies and procedure of the organization and maintain amicable transactionhip with colleagues. When the psychological contract is positive, employee freight and satisfaction will increase thus having a positive impact on individual performance (Armstrong 2007). Similar to motivation, the psychological contract may also reveal denominating factors. When the psychological contract is breached I. E. Here employees believe that the organization have broken promises or failed to deliver on their expectations, employees will take clear signs of dissatisfaction, thus have a negative effect on Job satisfaction and commitment. It is unlikely that all expectation of the employee or of the employer will be met fully by employer must at least attempt to fulfill some expectations, otherwise employees may seek an alternative psychological contract with other organization. Organizational Commitment Theory Organizational commitment is playing a vital role in the study of organizational behavior.There is a great relationship between the organizational commitment along with behavior and attitude in the workplace of the organization. According to Bateman and Stresses, organizational commitment is multidimensional in nature involving an employees loyalty to the organization, willingness to exert effort on behalf of the organization, degree of goal and value congruency with the organization , and desire to maintain membership (San Francisco State University, n. D. ). The empirical research study has shown that organizational commitment is an Important Interpreter AT turnover.According to Dalton, lord Ana Crankiest In 1 there were two types of turnover, which are dysfunctional turnover and functional turnover. From the viewpoint of organization, dysfunctional turnover takes place when an employee willing to quit the Job and there is positive evaluation to organization. Functional turnover occurs when an employee leaves Job on their own discretion but there is negative organizations evaluation of the employee (Blab & Bola, 1987). Price-Mueller Model, the model of voluntary and involuntary turnover has been described.Involuntary turnover generally takes place where the employee has no choice in their termination, such as long term sickness, death, or employer-initiated termination. Voluntary turnover occurs by the willingness of the employees. According to the opinion of Price, economic model also can explain the reason of turnover. The economists have proposed that the level best sum of monetary income as a determinant has led to less turnover. Increase money may decrease turnover by increasing the Job satisfaction of the employees (Griffith & Homo, 2010). This model is illustrated along with a diagram provided below.The four exogenous variables in this model are primary group, pay, communication and centralization. Pay is considered as a monetary income of the employees. It cannot be an important determinant unless it is valuable to the employees. The second is the participation in a primary group. Communication means transfer of information within organization. Centralization is the distribution of power within an organization (Griffith & Horn, 2010). Pay is generally important for the employees and is highly prioritize. High centralization leads to high turnover.The two variables of this model are Job satisfaction and opportunity. Both of these variables have a different impact on turnover. Job satisfaction has positive impact towards organization. Opportunity refers to number of Jobs in the organization (Griffith & Homo, 2010). The exogenous variable can affect the Job satisfaction and dissatisfaction of employee. When the number of Jobs are increase in the market, there is an positive impact of turnover. The factor of opportunity also possess an effect on turnover. When there is plenty of Job in the market, it has positive impact in turnover intention (Griffith & Homo, 2010).High Turnover Rate of Generation Y People in workplace Generation Y is a group of individuals who have been born between the year 1982- 2000 (Cringle, n. D. ). Generation Y are different from other groups of people. Generation Y people are usually influenced by pragmatism and peers (Cringle, n. . ). This group of people desire for the relations beyond friendship and want understanding along with respectful community. This genesis group also wants g uidance in the form of a navigator (Cringle, n. D. ). This generation people work for living but they do not survive for work.Their communication style is also different from other generations of people. Generation Y people are advanced technology and are access to all the sophisticated technology (Cringle, n. D. ). I en companies nave Take tremendous generalness In order to attract Ana retain Generation Y people. This group of people has a shorter time period in the organization which lasts from 2-5 years (Sandusky & Freer-Reed, 2009). As a result companies plump for losses from the huge turnover of this generation. Generation Y are fast and they enjoy challenging and they desire to have innovative style in their Job. They need quick promotion.Thus, if they get bored of the Job, they will quit the Job (Sandusky & Freer-Reed, 2009). They are not loyal to their employers, but they are loyal to their peers and managers (Sandusky & Freer-Reed, 2009). They may leave the over burden Job in order to maintain their personal and professional life. Generation Y people want freedom in the workplace. The latest proficient equipments in the workplace can fulfill their desires. Apart from advanced technology, they are interested in the companies where can inspire them to grow and provide them with technological resources for self development (Sandusky & Freer-Reed, 2009).Before they get hired by the company they want to know their Job responsibilities and career path. According to KEY Group research team in 2008, 1020 respondents of Gene Y have provided prior preference to the health benefits provided in the organization. This benefit is followed by salary, work-life balance and rumination prospects (Sandusky & Freer-Reed, 2009). They prefer performance appraisal frequently because they want to know their work feedback and want to make correction if required. This will help them to make improvement rapidly (Sandusky & Freer-Reed, 2009).Generation Y people are golden in nature and provide preference to maintain relationship within the organization. They build both social and professional relationship with peers (Robert Half International, 2008). 6. Qualitative methodology Reasons of Choosing Qualitative Research and Data Source Qualitative research methodology is a descriptive research process. This type of research method produces in prudence interview and collects broad information regarding the subject. The information includes broad understanding of the whole situation. This kind of research method helps the investigator to collect the total picture of the research.The tiny information related to the research are collected which enables the researchers to analyze the problem in detail related to the findings (Key, 1997). Qualitative research helps to build new theories and search for new research areas. This method enables the researchers to deal with valuable questions that are squired in the research process (Oklahoma State University, 201 1). Qualitative research work also prefers unrestricted questions than close-ended questions as it describes the expound of the questions to be asked to the respondents.The broad concept of information can be collected from the respondents. In this research work qualitative research process has catered importance as it will enable the researchers to recognize and examine the details of the problems and issues related to ten project work. I en qualitative research work provokes Drama concept and knowledge about the research topics. The sources selected for the research work are the former employees, current employees, supervisors and the Human Resources Manager of T Company. The demography details have also been collected but these are kept confidential.Besides questionnaires and interviews, data is also be collected from the organizational chart of T Company which turnover figure and number of vacancy are highlighted. From this point, turnover of employees in the Hotlist Departmen t can be analyzed. 7. Rationale Used For Selecting the Sources to Analyze For analyzing the overall causes and outcomes of high turnover rate among Generation Y employees in T Company, rationale has been selected by the company. The former employees have been chosen to analyze their reasons for leaving.The contact details of former employees are provided by the Human Resources Department. The opinions of current Generation Y employees have been taken into consideration in order to understand their expectation and the turnover intention of the employees. The main reason for turnover in this period was due to uncompetitive benefits and lack of career development opportunities. Therefore, the company is failed to meet the requirement of their employees. Supervisors are selected to understand the reason of high turnover rate among the Generation Y employees in their point of views.They are analyzed to examine the causes and outcomes of high turnover. Human Resource Manager has been inte rviewed to understand the retention strategies of T Company. 8. Data Collection Procedures Qualitative data collection procedure plays a significant role in providing information for understanding the process behind observed result. It also assesses changes in the perception of people. However, the data collection process used in the qualitative search method is time devour and act as a constraint to the research paper (University of Wisconsin-AAU Claire, 2005).In order to collect data for high turnover rate in T Company, four rationales had been chosen from the company. Five numbers of former employees had been chosen, thirty current employees, three supervisors and one Human Resources Manager were selected as respondents. Separate questionnaire consisting of five questions had been provided to current employees. In the questionnaire, demographic information consisting of age, gender, marital status education level and tenure were collected from each of them through e-mail. Data c ollected from former employees by phone interview.While for supervisors and Human Resources Manager, the data is collected by face-to-face interview. The questionnaires are nana over to can Dormer Ana present employee, supervisors Ana Human Resources Department through e-mail. The response of the employees, supervisors and Human Resources Manager are observed properly through which various information of the company. 9. Data Analysis Qualitative data summary is a simple process. The analysis was commenced after collecting all the data from former employees, current employees, supervisors andHuman Resources Manager. Observation The information can be collected through observing members of the company and from the organizational chart in which the annual turnover rate has been mentioned. It has been observed that the company is facing a problem of high turnover rate of Generation Y employees from the last few years. Human Resources Department is implementing various strategies in ord er to retain employees. For example, training programs are conducted in order to upgrade their communication skills as well as providing growth opportunities to them.